- Saladin conquers Jerusalem 9/26/1187
- Mamluk Period 1244-1516
- Mamluk means "owned"; grassroots movement of slaves; defend Jerusalem by the lower class for religion, not politics
- Politically and militarily insignificant, unwalled city, used as place of political exile, only citadel restored 1310
- Became a center of religious study with attention to schools, mosques, Haram development, used Crusader structures as quarries for stone
- Population dwindles to 10,000; economically impoverished
- Jews continue to return to Jerusalem
- Ziyara (visit) to Jerusalem
- Nachmanides (1267) rabbi makes aliyah ("go up" to Jerusalem), founded Ramban Synagogue, which becomes Jewish Center, develops Kabbalah (Jewish Mysticism, spiritual mystical form of Judaism, Temple --> path to God, Zion --> final innermost stage)
- 1351-1353 Jerusalem suffers from The Black Death
- Mumluk architecture - alternating red & white stones, domed, Muqarnas decorative technique, alternating black & white designs, monumental entrances
- Qur'anic school built by Sultan al-Ashraf Qaitbey in 1482 was the "third jewel of Jerusalem" after the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Ghawanima Minaret - NW corner of Haram, built 1298 by Chief Judge (Qadi) of Jerusalem, reuse Crusader columns and capitals, built on the foundations of the Umayyad minaret (tall spires used for the call of prayer)
- 3 main areas: (1) Haram am-Sharif (2) outside the Haram (3) along the street running east from the Jaffa Gate to the Bab al-Silsila in the western wall of the Haram
- Development of NW Islamic quarter
- Mausoleum linked Jerusalem and Haram with the place of the Last Judgment
- Ottoman Period 1517-1918
- Ottomans take Constantinople 1453
- Selim I defeats the Mamluks in 1517 at Marj-Dabik (N. Syria)
- Jerusalem peacefully surrendered in 1516
- Described as "the first qiblah"
- Turkish-Ottoman kingdom flourished under strong centralized government
- Sultan Seleuman (=Solomon) "the Magnificent" rebuilds western retaining wall, 1537-1541
- Follow Hasmonean foundations except Mt. Zion excluded
- Refurbish Haram with new mosaics
- Damascus Gate 'Bab el-Amud"
- Largest of 7 gates of Jerusalem, on the North, usually for gates you have to turn left and then right for protection from battering rams and most people are right handed
- Jaffa Gate is the exception because you can walk straight through
- German Kaiser Wilhelm wanted a grand entrance with his entourage so he tore down the narrow Jaffa gate, but a British general entered on foot because he wouldn't go on a horse when the Savior rode a donkey.
- St. Stephan's Gate (Lion's Gate)
- Sultan's Pool
- Rebuilt "Tower of David"
- Rebuilt aqueduct from "Pools of Solomon"
- Markets, Khassaki Sultan complex
- Makes Jerusalem 3rd great city of Islam (after Mecca and Medina)
- Establishes a shari'a court - law based upon qu'ran
- Let's Jewish refugees settle in Jerusalem, even italian Jewish refugee David dei Rossi says it a good to live under Muslim rule, restored Church of Holy Sepulcher along with Islamic sites, gave western wall to Jews as a place of prayer (Shekhina/presence of here now)
- Gradual decline of Jerusalem after death of Suleiman
- Jerusalem suffers from neglect
- Explosion of Jews from Spanish w 15-16th cen immigration to Palestine
- 1892 railroad connects Jerusalem w Jaffa
- 19th cen Jewish settlements outside city walls
- Jerusalem lost to Mohammad Ali in Egypt 1831
- Ottoman rule restored 1840
- Jerusalem revived following building of Suez Canal 1869; Jerusalem still a small town until Suez Canal
- Early Jewish "Zionism"
- Zionism - Jew's need to settle in the promised land/Jerusalem
- Saladin (aka "the New Cyrus") allows Jews to resettle in Jerusalem, and gives Maghribi Quarter to the Jews
- Judah Halevi (Toledan Physician) tries to make aliyah (Eliade)
- Maimonides, Jewish philosopher, says the haram is still holy
- --> These three people made Jerusalem a focal point again
- Jewish Settlements
- European Jews start settling in Jerusalem
- Mishkenot Sha'ananim 19th cen initiated Sir Moses Montefiore, a British jew, with funding from Judah Touro, an American Jewish philanthropist to build 20 residential units and a windmill landmark
- 1882 marks the beginning of secular "Zionist" immigration - ethnic Jews (not religious Jews) moving to ancestral homeland
- Changing demographics in Jerusalem
- Crusader Jerusalem: only Christians
- Mamluk Jerusalem: Muslims, Jews, and Christians
- Ottoman Jerusalem: dominant population is now the Jews, not the Muslims
- British Mandate Period (1918-1948)
- Balfour Declaration, 1917, for a "Jewish National Homeland"
Islam is very open to other religions. Monotheistic religions (like Christians) from a religious point of view is a good thing. But I know see that from a political point of view, it is a negative thing that can lead to violence and arguments.
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